Quail show greater activation of and sensitivity to transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling than duck where intracellular mediators like SMADs and targets like Runt-related transcription factor 2 ( Runx2), which bind Mmp13, become elevated. In the current study, we uncover mechanisms establishing species-specific levels of Mmp13 and bone resorption. Moreover, if we inhibit bone resorption or Mmp13, we can increase jaw length. The jaw skeleton arises from neural crest mesenchyme (NCM), and we previously demonstrated that these progenitor cells express more bone-resorbing enzymes including Matrix metalloproteinase 13 ( Mmp13) when they generate shorter jaws in quail embryos versus longer jaws in duck.
Precise developmental control of jaw length is critical for survival, but underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood.
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